Types of Joint Problems in Dogs: Signs, Causes & How to Help
Few things are better than watching your dog sprint after a ball, zoom around the yard, or stretch out in a perfect downward dog. So when they start moving more slowly, hesitating at the stairs, or taking longer to get up from a nap, it's hard not to worry.
Joint problems in dogs are common, and they don't all look the same. Knowing which type your dog may be dealing with, and the signs that come with it, is the first step toward getting them the right care. Here's a breakdown of the most common joint issues in dogs, what causes them, and when to talk to your vet.
What are the main types of joint problems in dogs?
Most joint issues in dogs fall into three groups:
- Degenerative: joints wear down over time, usually with age. Osteoarthritis is the most common example.
- Developmental: a joint doesn't form properly as a puppy grows, often because of genetics. Hip dysplasia, elbow dysplasia, and luxating patellas fall here.
- Injury-related: damage to a ligament or joint from a sudden twist, jump, or repeated strain, such as a torn cruciate ligament (the dog version of an ACL tear).
These groups often overlap. A dog born with hip dysplasia, or one that has torn a knee ligament, is much more likely to develop arthritis later in life.
Signs of joint problems in dogs
Dogs are good at hiding discomfort, so joint issues often show up as small changes in how they move. Watch for:
- Stiffness when getting up, especially in the morning or after a nap
- Limping, favoring one leg, or holding a back leg up
- Reluctance to jump onto the couch, climb stairs, or get into the car
- A "bunny hop" gait, where both back legs move together
- Slowing down or stopping early on walks
- Weak or wobbly back legs, or loss of muscle in the hind end
- Licking or chewing at a joint
- Irritability when touched in certain spots, or less interest in play
For more on reading subtle cues, see our guide on how to tell if your dog is in pain. If you notice any of these signs, book a visit with your veterinarian so they can pinpoint the cause.
Degenerative joint problems
Osteoarthritis
Osteoarthritis is the most common joint problem in dogs. Healthy joints are cushioned by smooth cartilage that lets bones glide against each other. Over time, that cartilage breaks down, the joint becomes inflamed, and movement gets stiff and uncomfortable. According to Texas A&M's College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, arthritis is especially common in aging dogs, and it can show up as anything from trouble getting up in the morning to noticeable lameness. The American College of Veterinary Surgeons notes that it's often secondary to another joint problem, like dysplasia or a ligament injury.
Arthritis can't be reversed, but it can be managed. Read our tips on managing arthritis in dogs for ways to keep walks comfortable.
Intervertebral disc disease (IVDD)
IVDD affects the cushioning discs between the bones of the spine. When a disc degenerates or bulges, it can press on the spinal cord and cause back discomfort, wobbly walking, or in serious cases, weakness or paralysis in the legs. Long-backed breeds like Dachshunds, Corgis, and French Bulldogs are at higher risk, which is why limiting jumps off furniture matters so much for them. Sudden trouble walking is an emergency, so call your vet right away.
Developmental joint problems
Hip dysplasia
With hip dysplasia, the ball and socket of the hip don't fit together properly, so the joint rubs and grinds instead of sliding smoothly. It's largely hereditary and most common in large and giant breeds like German Shepherds, Labrador Retrievers, and Golden Retrievers, though rapid growth, excess weight, and nutrition can also play a role. Signs can appear in young dogs or develop gradually as arthritis sets in.
Elbow dysplasia
Elbow dysplasia is a group of developmental issues where the bones of the elbow don't grow and fit together correctly. It usually shows up as front-leg limping in young, large-breed dogs, and it often leads to arthritis in the elbow over time.
Patellar luxation (slipping kneecap)
Patellar luxation happens when the kneecap slips out of its normal groove. It's especially common in small and toy breeds like Chihuahuas, Pomeranians, and Yorkshire Terriers. You might notice your dog skip or hop for a few steps, then walk normally again once the kneecap pops back into place.
Osteochondritis dissecans (OCD)
OCD occurs when cartilage doesn't turn into bone normally as a puppy grows, leaving a weak or loose flap of cartilage in the joint. It most often affects the shoulders, elbows, knees, or hocks of fast-growing large-breed puppies.
Injury-related joint problems
Cruciate ligament (CCL) tears
The cranial cruciate ligament stabilizes the knee, similar to the ACL in people. CCL disease is one of the most common causes of back-leg lameness in dogs. Unlike most human ACL injuries, it often develops from gradual ligament degeneration rather than one big injury, and a dog that tears one CCL is at higher risk of tearing the other. Excess weight raises the risk.
Which dog breeds are prone to joint problems?
Any dog can develop joint issues, especially with age, but some breeds carry a higher risk:
| Breed type | Examples | Common joint concerns |
|---|---|---|
| Large and giant breeds | German Shepherds, Labradors, Golden Retrievers, Rottweilers, Great Danes | Hip and elbow dysplasia, CCL tears, arthritis |
| Small and toy breeds | Chihuahuas, Pomeranians, Yorkies, Toy Poodles | Patellar luxation |
| Long-backed breeds | Dachshunds, Corgis, Basset Hounds | IVDD |
| Active and working breeds | Border Collies, Labradors, athletic mixes | CCL tears, wear-and-tear arthritis |
Can joint problems in dogs be prevented?
You can't change your dog's genetics, but you can lower their risk and slow down wear on their joints:
- Keep them at a healthy weight. Extra pounds put more stress on every joint. Portion control and swapping high-calorie treats for dog-friendly vegetables like carrots, green beans, and sweet potatoes can help.
- Feed a balanced, high-quality diet. This matters most for large-breed puppies, whose rapid growth can affect joint development. Our guide to reading pet product labels can help you choose.
- Exercise regularly and wisely. Consistent, moderate activity like daily walks and swimming keeps muscles strong and joints moving. Softer surfaces like grass are easier on joints than pavement, and it's best to avoid repetitive high-impact jumping, especially in growing puppies.
- Make home easier to navigate. Ramps, pet stairs, and rugs on slippery floors reduce strain and falls, especially for seniors and long-backed dogs.
- Schedule regular vet checkups. Your vet can spot early changes, recommend screening for at-risk breeds, and build a plan before problems progress.
How are joint problems in dogs treated?
The right plan depends on the cause, so start with your veterinarian. Depending on the diagnosis, they may recommend weight management, physical therapy or rehab exercises, medication, or surgery for conditions like CCL tears or severe dysplasia. Complementary options like acupuncture and cold laser therapy are also used alongside traditional care.
Supporting your dog's mobility every day
Whatever your dog's age or breed, small daily habits add up: steady exercise, a healthy weight, comfortable bedding, and a routine that keeps them moving. For practical ideas, including daily routines to help keep your dog active and comfortable, see our guide to supporting your dog's joint health naturally.
Frequently asked questions
What is the most common joint problem in dogs?
Osteoarthritis is the most common. It often develops as dogs age or as a result of another joint issue, such as hip dysplasia or a cruciate ligament tear.
At what age do dogs start having joint problems?
It depends on the cause. Developmental conditions like hip dysplasia, elbow dysplasia, and OCD can show up in puppies and young dogs, while arthritis is more common in middle-aged and senior dogs. Large breeds tend to show signs earlier than small breeds.
Why are my dog's back legs weak or stiff?
Weak or stiff back legs can come from hip dysplasia, arthritis, a CCL injury, IVDD, or loss of muscle with age. Because some causes, like IVDD, can get worse quickly, have your vet examine your dog, and seek care right away if weakness comes on suddenly.
Which breeds are most likely to have joint problems?
Large and giant breeds like German Shepherds and Labradors are prone to hip and elbow dysplasia, small breeds like Chihuahuas and Pomeranians to slipping kneecaps, and long-backed breeds like Dachshunds and Corgis to IVDD.
Can cats have joint problems too?
Yes. Cats get arthritis as well, but they tend to hide it. Watch for a cat that stops jumping to high spots, grooms less, or has accidents outside the litter box, and talk to your vet if you notice these changes.
This article is for educational purposes and isn't a substitute for veterinary advice. Always talk to your veterinarian about your pet's specific needs.
